Monday, February 28, 2011

Journal #37

I thought that the article “Whitman's Language of the Self” was quite interesting and truly captured many of the ideas that Whitman tried to convey in his years of writing. Bauerlein notes that Whitman is in fact often regarded as quite egotistical and self-centered but understands that this was a part of capturing his image of Self. The quote from Richard Poirier seemed to be directly related to Whitman's writing, that style is like a leaf of the tree of self, even though it was never aimed at any one author. This seems to be the exact means in which Whitman portrayed his message because his style of using free verse and structure less narrative seems to come from his conveying of the idea of Self that was included in all of his works. Bauerlein touches on Whitman's past that drastically affected his writing. Coming from an abusive father, an ignorant mother, and his homosexuality were all factors that made him the writer he was, as well as caused him to have a focus on personal Self in all of his literature. Some of his works directly address his feelings towards his parents, which made them all the more powerful. One quote in the essay mentions that Whitman did not really care much for the words he used, the rhyming, or the structure as long as the message he wanted to tell was told. This ended up creating a unique style that set him apart from other poets, but his subject matter was enough to make him great. Even without following any particular style, Whitman still was able to convey his idea of Self and Personality. Although this did seem a bit self-centered and egotistical, he portrayed an idea that became a very important part of literature and philosophy. Bauerlein encompassed all of the characteristics of Whitman's writing that made him one of the best, if not the most important American poets of his time and for all time.

Journal #36

My favorite food has to be Cold Stone ice cream. Specifically, their cake batter flavored ice cream with sprinkles mixed into it. And it can't be in a cone! It has to be in a cup. Or at least, that's how I prefer it. I always get a "like it" (even though I LOVE IT), which is considered a "small". I wish too much ice cream didn't make me sick because that ice cream is heaven in a cardboard cup.

Visually, it's pretty delicious looking. The ice cream itself is the color of cream, not an unnatural white, but not a yellowish either. The workers at Cold Stone mix in your ingredients then do this magically little wrist flick thing that turns the ice cream into the perfect size for your cup, so it is just one beautiful mound of perfection. The sprinkles they use are all the colors of the rainbow, and sometimes the colors will seep into your ice cream, turing it different colors. This ice cream looks so appetizing. I'm really hungry now.

And the taste of this ice cream is fantastic, too! I quite enjoy this fact because in many instances, ice cream that tries to be an odd flavor like cake batter turns out weird. But this ice cream tastes like the real deal! It's like you just shoved your face into a vat of vanilla cake batter down in Carlos's Bakery but without all the angry Italians. The sprinkles are really more for decoration than taste, although they do get stuck to your teeth, annoyingly enough.

Ice cream does not have a sound, obviously, but when I think of Cold Stone ice cream, I think of the noise of their ice cream scoops scraping against the smooth, cold counter. It's a very distinct sound because the countertop is surprisingly solid.

As for the smell of this ice cream, I'm not not sure. I have never deliberately smelled my cake batter ice cream. I'm pretty sure it smells like cake batter and ice cream, though. Obviously. It sort of tingles your nose as you smell it because of how cold the ice cream is, like breathing through your nose on a winter's day.

I've never felt this ice cream. I have a phobia of touching food that wasn't meant to be finger food. Like salad dressing, ice cream, icing, any form of non-breaded meat, cooked vegetables, etc. The texture of the ice cream is unique in your mouth, though. The ice cream itself is smooth like honey, no freezer burn here! The sprinkles add a nice amount of textures as well as something you can chew on. It's not so chewy that it sticks to your teeth and annoys you; It's just chewy enough that it keeps you occupied.

I love Cold Stone. That is all!

Wednesday, February 23, 2011

Journal #35

I think it would be scary to be a reporter covering a war, especially if I was in the trenches with the troops. First of all, I can not report news to save my life. I am not good at speaking to thousands of people via camera and news team. So, combine my nervousness and inability to report news with getting shot at in a trench during a war, and the outcome is not pretty. But IF I was a strong, confident, handsome looking reporter such as, oh I don't know, ANDERSON COOPER, the outcome would be much brighter.

If I was a dedicated reporter covering a war while being shot at in a trench, I would do my best to not start having a break down in the middle of my news coverage. I would remain focused on readin' the news! Or reporting the news, I really wouldn't be reading the news, would I. I would stare straight into the camera, making daring eye contact with all of the citizens watching me report the war! I would completely ignore all of the speeding bullets flying my way like they were just leaves flying majestically through the wind! It would look just like an action movie, and it would be great. On the inside, though, I would be freaking out. Of course I would worry about whether or not I was going to get hit by a bullet and die! Gosh, dying on live tv while reporting a war would be terrible.

I do not really know what esle to say about this subject now. I would be scared out of my pants if I had to report during a war while in the line of fire. I do not want to even imagine reporting during World War II on the beaches of Normandy during D-day. Or during the Civil War, Reporting next to Lincoln like a boss. No big deal. So that's it really. I'd be scared but it would be cool.

Tuesday, February 15, 2011

Jack London — "To Build a Fire"

Jack London's short story titled "To Build a Fire" represents the scientific literary genre of Naturalism. This subgenre, which is often compared to Realism, focuses almost solely on nature and humans' approach to it from a scientific angle, and also as Darwin's survival of the fittest theory (Werlock). London's tale features a man with his trusty Huskie alongside him venturing into the Alaskan wilderness in the middle of winter, and it is very cold. The man's survival instincts are trumped by the dog's in this "battle" against nature (London). A great example of Naturalism is presented in the very beginning of the literary work- the title of the short story itself. It initially gives the reader an idea that this story not only teaches some wilderness lessons, such as how to build a fire, but it must bring the main character into some sort of survival situation in which he must fight to survive in the harsh conditions of nature. These are a few very important characteristics of Naturalism. It mainly deals with man's interaction with nature, and how his need to survive brings out his most primitive instincts (Werlock).

As the inexperienced adventurer travels out in search of gold, he ignores all signs of danger. He ignores the danger of extremely chilling weather, and he later regrets it when he massively underestimates it (London). Again, right from the beginning, the reader may imply that the man will have to endure some sort of instinctual struggle with nature. As the story progresses, nature does not do anything drastic against the man and his dog, but it simply sustains its conditions to where the man is not even concerned in the slightest about gold anymore (London). The classic conflict of "man vs. nature" takes place in this short story, but that is not really directly correlated to Naturalism. Naturalism is about viewing humans from a neutral and scientific standpoint (Werlock). Naturalism's role in the story is bringing out the man's and dog's instincts to where he is almost not even a functioning human anymore, and he is just another animal only concerned with survival. Naturalism as a whole was based heavily on Darwin's ideals, and London's story indubitably illustrates his survival of the fittest theory (Werlock). It is not so much that the protagonist of this story is competing against another organisms to survive, but it is about how the man must be forced to do this against his own will (London). Due to this, the story overall is a great example of Naturalism.

Although Realism's subgenre of Naturalism is mainly portrayed in this short story, Realism is also prevalent. For instance, Abby Werlock sums up the entire philosophy of Realism as depicting life as it actually exists, and London definitely accomplishes this task. Some of the characteristics involving Realism and Regionalism are not as prominent, but London is truly chronicling a man's most primitive emotions and instincts through a natural situation. It is reminiscent of Realism's typical middle class ordinary man in an extraordinary situation (Regionalism). The ordinary adventurer looking to strike it rich by finding gold is suddenly placed in extreme survival situation in which his Darwinian characteristics must come into play (London). Of course, Realism is represented if a subset of it is, but London's work should really be viewed more as a Naturalism work rather than the broader Realism. It displays many traits making this so, and the critical one pertaining to this story specifically is that the man is placed in a situation where his intelligence is almost useless, and he must use his primary instincts in order to survive.

Works Cited

London, Jack. "To Build a Fire." American Literature. Comp. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm. Columbus: McGraw Hill, 2009. 601-614. Print.

"Regionalism and Realism." American Literature. Comp. Jeffery D. Wilhelm. Columbus: McGraw Hill, 2009. 486-494. Print. 26 Jan 2011.

Werlock, Abby H. P. "naturalism." The Facts On File Companion to the American Short Story, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= Gamshrtsty0501&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 15, 2011).

Werlock, Abby H. P. "realism." The Facts On File Companion to the American Short Story, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Feb 15, 2011.

Edwin Arlington Robinson – "Richard Cory" and "Miniver Cheevy"

Both of Edwin Arlington Robinson’s poems, “Miniver Cheevy” and “Richard Cory”, display many of the common characteristics associated with poetry in the genre of Realism. Each poem is about an individual person and their feelings and the actions that they take and how they affect their lives. These characters are average people rather than the amazing heroes that were popular as protagonists in many earlier genres of literature, and that helps them to become easier to relate to. Both of these poems use a very simple writing style to convey their thoughts, with rhyme schemes that are equally simply. These characteristics are then combined to create some of Edwin Robinson’s greatest poems that are excellent examples of the literary genre of Realism.

One of the most common characteristics among literature in the genre of Realism and its subgenres is the way that the protagonist is portrayed. Most often, the character is an average, middle-class person instead of an extraordinary hero (Barney and Patton). This is the way that each character is in both of Robinson’s poems. One specific difference is that Richard Cory is wealthier than the average person, but nonetheless he is still an average person (Robinson, “Richard”). Besides this difference in the characteristics of the protagonist, both are normal people and each poem concerns their normal lives.

Along with the main characters being average people, the subject concerning each character is their respective psychologies. “Richard Cory” describes how he is such a great man and there are others that are envious of his life, yet at the end of the poem he commits suicide without any specific reason given (Robinson, “Richard”). This could very well be a statement about how some people live their lives, while they are truly tortured by some sort of demon. “Miniver Cheevy” has a similar premise, but the character is not happy with his life and in the end only ends up drinking (Robinson, “Miniver”). Both of these works show different perspectives on how people feel about life. In one case, a character with a seemingly perfect life decides to kill himself, while another feels that his life is extremely bad and he resorts to drinking. This focus on the psychologies of the characters is a major part of a work of Realism (Quinn).

The simple language used in these two poems by Edwin Robinson is another characteristic of literature included in the genre of Realism. Both use very common diction to portray the strong thoughts and beliefs of the characters of each poem. Even the rhyme scheme of each is very simplistic, as there is an ABAB rhyme pattern for each stanza. Even though these poems use a simple writing style, each character still has a strong emotional presence in each respective story.

There are many characteristics of Realism literature used in Edwin Arlington Robinson’s two poems, “Richard Cory” and “Miniver Cheevy.” The major aspects of Realism are a simple writing style and a psychological focus on the protagonist, who is most commonly an average, middle-class character. The common thread between each character is that there is a lack of religion and this may be what caused the demise of each character. These characteristics can be seen in both of these poems that are great examples of Realism in poetry.


Works Cited

Barney, Brett, and Lisa Paddock, eds. "realism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: The Age of Romanticism and Realism, 1816–1895, vol. 2, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL0738&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Quinn, Edward. "realism and naturalism in American literature." A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= Gfflithem0707&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Robinson, Edwin Arlington. "Richard Cory." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 575.

Robinson, Edwin Arlington. "Miniver Cheevy." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 576.

Paul Laurence Dunbar – "Douglass" and "We Wear the Mask"

Laurence Dunbar’s poems “Douglass” and “We Wear the Mask” are both great examples of Realism in poetry. They contain most of the characteristics of Realism, including thoughts powered by rationalist beliefs, middle class heroes, and a focus on the physiology of many different people. All of this is delivered in two short poems that use simple poetic devices such as repetition to convey the thoughts of a group of people. Both poems concern the feelings of the African American population and how they have reacted to all of the social changes with antislavery movements and the treatment of all colored people.

A topic of the psychology of people caused by an environmental or social change is very common in works of Realism (Quinn). This is the case especially with Dunbar’s poem, “We Wear the Mask.” This poem is about the way that the African Americans act in comparison to how they are actually feeling. Dunbar says that they are wearing masks of grins and lies, while behind those masks there are really the tortured souls of a group of people (“We”). In “Douglass,” there is also the idea presented that most all of the African Americans are afraid and looking for comfort (“Douglass”). With both works, Dunbar presents a strong concern for the change in psychology of the African American people.

For most literary works of Realism, the protagonist is very average, or middle-class rather than the extraordinary character that can be seen in many past literary genres (Barney). That fact helps to make the characters and hero easier to relate to for the reader. This is the case for both of these poems to a certain extent. In both of these poems, the subject is the African American population and how they feel about the changes that have taken place and their overall treatment. In “Douglass”, the people referred to in the poem are afraid and looking for hope in a confusing world. The last lines are about how they are looking for someone or something to “give us comfort through the lonely dark (“Douglass”)”. In “We Wear the Mast” there is a very strong image of a group of people who are hiding their sorrow and broken spirits behind a mask of grins and lies. Both of these topics in each of the poems are what show the African Americans as very human, without the characteristics of heroes, because they have been reduced to only fear and sadness.

Both poems also use a simple language to address the message that they are trying to get across. Both rhyme schemes are very simple, but they each portray the strong emotion felt by the groups. This simple language is a major part of Realism literature, and both works use this characteristic to add passion and truly express the feelings of the African American population (Quinn).

The middle-class, average hero, concern with they psychology of a people, and simple language are all important parts of the literary genre of Realism. Laurence Dunbar included all of these characteristics of the genre in his two poems, “Douglass” and “We Wear the Mask.” Both are about the feelings and emotions felt by the African Americans who had been reverted to simple human nature of fear and sadness, which make them perfect examples of Realism poetry.


Works Cited


Barney, Brett, and Lisa Paddock, eds. "realism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: The Age of Romanticism and Realism, 1816–1895, vol. 2, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL0738&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence. "Douglass." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 570.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence. "We Wear the Mask." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 571.

Quinn, Edward. "realism and naturalism in American literature." A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= Gfflithem0707&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Chief Joseph – "I Will Fight No More Forever"

“I Will Fight No More” by Chief Joseph is a great contribution to the growing literary movement that was and still is Realism. The story displays Realism for a few reasons. The writing of the story is very simple and almost monotonous, just like many other Realism works seem to be. There is still strong emotion and descriptions to get the point across, but the sentence structure is very straightforward. The statements do not contain extra information to make it artistic or flow-y. The statement, although of defeat focuses on the more human side of a Native American. He is portrayed as a common person that is mourning the death of his fellow Chiefs and only wants the fighting to end. All of these characteristics make this statement made by Chief Joseph a work of the literary genre of Realism.

The simple writing style used in this short statement is the first characteristic that makes it a part of the genre of Realism. All of the sentences are simple and to the point, which contributes to my former statement about this story being monotonous. Each makes a statement concerning the different topics that Chief Joseph wanted to speak about, whether it is the death of the other members of his tribe, his concern for the children, or his main want to end the fighting as a whole with General Howard (Joseph). A simple style is often the basis for a work of Realism because the structure is one of the best ways to convey a message because it is so straight and to the point (Anderson). This is portrayed in this work because Chief Joseph states all of the things that he is feeling, his concerns, and what he wants done without the use of any complex language or writing style. Although the style is simple, there is no lack of emotion and passion because each simple sentence conveys all of Chief Joseph's emotions concerning the end of all the battling.

Having a common, middle class hero is very common for pieces of Realism literature. The main character is most often an average, middle-class hero who is more times that not relatable to the reader (Anderson). This is not exactly the case with this short work, but there are some similarities. Although Chief Joseph could be considered an extraordinary, amazing hero during his time fighting, he has almost been reduced to an average person in his surrender and wishes to end the fighting (Joseph). His wish to end all of the fighting makes him out to be an average person that just wants to stop the death around him and protect his people. The situation that he is placed in almost brings him down from powerful, unbeatable war hero to a regular human being that is concerned with what is best for all of his people.

These characteristics are what make this short speech of Chief Joseph a part of the genre of Realism. Even though there is a very simple writing style used throughout the entire work, it is still an emotional piece of work. The main character is reduced to a regular, average person rather than a great war hero, but he is only doing what is best for his people. This speech delivered by Chief Joseph is an excellent example of all of the characteristics of Realism.


Works Cited

Anderson, George P., Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds."regionalism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, vol. 3, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL1330&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Joseph, Chief. "I Will Fight No More." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 533

Edgar Lee Masters – Spoon River Anthology

“Spoon River Anthology” by Edgar Lee Masters displays many traits of Regionalism. This poem is a collection of monologues of people from a small Midwestern town (Cone). The setting of this poem is the first and most prominent reason to this poem being Regionalism literature. The writing style of this poem is very simplistic. The style used is very similar to the vernacular of the Midwest. The setting of this poem helps the characters to appear more three-dimensional and real, which is also a characteristic of Realism, coincidentally.

Of course, one of the most important factors of Regionalism is the setting (Anderson). The first section of the poem is devoted solely to one location of the setting to introduce some of the characters and situations that will come up later in the story (Masters). There are descriptions of the location throughout the rest of the story as well as descriptions of the time period. All of these become major parts to the entire poem as a whole.

Another important characteristic of Regionalism that can be found in the Spoon River Anthology is the style in which it is written. Throughout the entire poem, the language and dialect is very simplistic, which adds to this being a work of Regionalism. The Midwest has a very simple vernacular, as there are not really words or styles of speaking particular to the area, unlike the South which commonly has a very strong vernacular. Overall, the Midwest has a dialect that is fairly easy to comprehend, which helps to make this poem even more simplistic. The use of this simple dialect in combination with easy to comprehend, simple sentences rather than the complex rhymes and patterns that can be seen in traditional poetry also helps to enhance the simplicity of this poem (Masters). External rhymes and scarce in this piece of literature, but this is not necessary as it is not the style of talking that is used in the Midwest. Masters does an excellent job of portraying the language of the Midwest, and matching the vernacular of the setting is a very important part of literature if the story is displaying the genre of Regionalism (Anderson).

The underlying theme of the poem is about the difficulty of living in America during the 20th century (Cone). The poem depicts the social and cultural changes that were taking place during that time period. This theme that comes from the collection of all of the peoples' feelings is extremely important to it being a work of Regionalism because the themes that come from the setting are, obviously, always the most important parts of Regionalism (Anderson).

The focus on the setting, the simple style, and the theme that comes from the focus on the setting combined with the characters are what make this a great work of Regionalism. The story of the people of a small, Midwestern town is the perfect way to display the characteristics of Regionalism as there are many things particular to the Midwest that can add to create a setting that embodies the entire theme of the story.


Works Cited

Anderson, George P., Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds."regionalism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, vol. 3, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL1330&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Cone, Temple. "Spoon River Anthology." In Kimmelman, Burt, and Temple Cone, eds. The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= CTAP0520&SingleRecord=True. February 13, 2011.

Masters, Edgar Lee. "Spoon Rivers Anthology." Bartleby: Great Books Online. 2011. Online. http://www.bartleby.com/84/index.html. February 15, 2011.

Mark Twain – "Two Views of the River"

Mark Twain is a very influential writer, and many of his works are considered the "Cadillac's" of their genre. Twain is very well known for his use of Regionalism, and this story is no exception! "Two Views of the River" is a nice little piece of Regionalism literature. It displays all of the important characteristics of a work of Regionalism, as it should considering it's Mark Twain. Twain pays close attention to the setting of his story, which of course is the most important characteristic of Regionalism. He uses colorful descriptions of the many different aspects of the setting. Twain then connects the setting that he created with the main idea or theme of the story. In this story specifically, the theme becomes the psychological change in value of the river for Twain from his years on steamboats. With the importance of the setting, authors of the genre of Regionalism often focus on how the character, or in this work of literature, the author himself, interact with the environment. There is also use of figurative language to compare how he feels about the change in value. Mark Twain uses all of these characteristics in his memoir “Two Views of the River” to exemplify the literary genre of Regionalism.

One main characteristic of Regionalism found in Twain’s “Two Views of the River” is lifelike descriptions of the setting. The setting is the most important part of a work of Regionalism, as it sets the basis for all other aspects of the story (Anderson). Twain accomplishes this in the first paragraph of the work as he describes the river as “turned to blood,” the surface of the water “broken by boiling, tumbling rings,” and many other aspects of the surroundings on the boat (Twain). These vivid descriptions allow the reader to understand what the setting looks like for the author, and this is important because he later explains his change in opinion for these different natural beauties of the river.

In Regionalism literature, the setting is important because the author uses it to connect the universal theme of the entire work (Anderson). Twain does this by comparing how he viewed the river when he started working on steamboats to how he felt later in his life about the exact same situation. At first, he addresses the river as being naturally beautiful, but later when viewing the same things, they serve as a means of reading the river (Twain). This becomes the universal theme of the entire work that people gain new perspectives on life as they become accustomed to it.

Another characteristic of Regionalism literature used in Twain’s memoir is figurative language, which was a very common literary device used in all of Realism (Anderson). At the end of the story, he describes a doctor that sees a woman and some sort of beauty mark that she has on her cheek. Before becoming a doctor, it is viewed solely as a sign of beauty, but after studying medicine, it simply becomes a symptom for some sort of disease (Twain). This is a direct comparison that concludes the personal feelings that Twain used to have and now has for the river.

A strong setting is the most important part of a work of Regionalism and Mark Twain uses this in almost all of his great works. This setting is then used to create a theme, as Twain did with his change in appreciation for the beauty of the river over time. Also, figurative language is a common characteristic of Regionalism and Realism that Twain uses with his comparison of the doctor seeing a beauty mark as a symptom rather than what it truly is. All of these characteristics are what make Mark Twain’s memoir “Two Views of the River” and many of his other stories great work of Regionalism.


Works Cited

Anderson, George P., Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds."regionalism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, vol. 3, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL1330&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Twain, Mark. "Two Views of the River." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 504-505.

Mark Twain – "The Celebrated Jumping Frogs of Calaveras County"

"The Celebrated Jumping Frogs of Calaveras County" is a story about a man who teaches a frog how to jump very high and long. The man makes a bet that he can jump farther than the frog, and he winds up losing because apparently someone put "bee bees" in the frog's mouth (Twain). In other words, poor Smiley got cheated. This somewhat depicts Realism because it was a situation that could have been real. People get gipped out of their money all the time, and poor old Smiley fell for it. This funny little story also reflected regionalism in the dialect and vernacular that was used (Anderson). One of the men in the story, the man who is telling the story of the man with the jumping frog to the narrator, has a very uneducated and interesting way of talking (Anderson). For example:

"He ketched a frog one day, and took him home, and said he cal'klated to edercate him; and so he never done nothing for three months but set in his back yard and learn that frog to jump. And you bet you he did learn him, too. He'd give him a little punch behind, and the next minute you'd see that frog whirling in the air like a doughnut see him turn one summerset, or may be a couple, if he got a good start, and come down flat-footed and all right, like a cat. (Twain)"

This quote is an example of how the mans dialect occasionally makes him a little hard to understand. By using this vernacular, Twain appealed to the people because he used a character who spoke much like they did (Twain).

Another characteristic of Regionalism is using a character that is not the typical kind of character one would find in a Romantic novel (Anderson). The hero of a Realism work of literature was supposed to be a commonplace person who was much like the readers of the stories- somewhat middle class and very average (Anderson). This concept is reflected in the way that the main character of the story is uneducated yet sincere and endearing (Twain). One gets the sense that though the character is rambling on about things that have nothing to do with the story the narrator requested, the narrator still finds him to be an interesting and sweet man (Twain).

"The Celebrated Jumping Frogs of Calaveras County" is a story that shows the love of story-telling in certain regions of the country (Twain). Somebody always seems to have some kind of words of wisdom that they wish to pass on to someone younger. In this story the person preaching the wisdom is an old man who is reminiscing about the days of old in which a crazy many went around betting everybody on just about anything (Twain). In a twisted sense, although it is unintended, the narrator ends up teaching a lesson about the general lack of merit involved in excessive gambling (Twain). The subject of the story told by the main character ends up getting beat at his own game in the end (Twain).


Anderson, George P., Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds."regionalism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, vol. 3, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL1330&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 15, 2011).

Twain, Mark. "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." Glencoe Literature. Comp. Jeffrey Wilhelm. American Literature ed. Columbus; McGraw-Hill, 2010. 498-502. Print.

Stephen Crane – from The Red Badge of Courage

"The Red Badge of Courage" is a very emotional and moving piece of literature. The work follows a man's story as he joins the Civil War (Crane). The man mentally beats himself up over all of the things that he is not able to do as well as things that he can not do against the other men (Crane). Crane describes the thoughts that are rushing through the man's head as he is blinded by smoke in great detail. The man is not angry about the fact that he cannot see his attackers; He is angry about all of the rage and feelings that are suffocating him (Crane). This work shows many different things about others, and it is very enlightening for people that are not in the military. People can take this piece of literature in different ways because it shows a different side to people that is not normally depicted by common authors.

This is mostly a piece of Naturalism literature. While all parts of Realism believe in using facts and details in order to get their point across, Naturalism is special in its effort to record every precise detail about everything (Sommers). The main goal of Naturalism is to take a scientific approach to things and record the exact physical and emotional experiences undergone by the subject. The way that the man is studied and compared to things supports this being a Naturalism work (Crane). The author is studying his feelings and what he wants to do and how he feels about killing all of the men around him (Crane). They are studying him in a certain setting to see how he reacts and to see if the researchers could find that all people react in the same way to certain situations (Crane).

The story details the journey of soldiers in the Civil War, and therefore it is a very unpleasant story (Crane). The story shows how a person reacts when forced to kill others over and over again (Crane). Unfortunately, the truth that is revealed is that when forced to do these things repeatedly, it almost becomes second nature. The truth revealed about humanity in this work is that we can adapt to virtually anything, even things that we might not think we are capable of. this man is compared to so many different things (Crane). He is compared to things like subjects of scientific studies are compared to things, so that one can understand the relation (Crane). It is almost studying his feelings and what he wants to do to kill all of the men around him (Crane). It is studying him in a certain setting to see how he reacts and to see if the researchers could find that all people react in the same way to certain situations (Crane).

This work reflects society at that time period not very well (Crane). The story shows that people were beginning to have a greater interest in science and how the human brain works, but it does not show current events, political issues, or opinions on global issues (Crane). There was nothing about religion, government, or nature (Crane). This work shows how frustrated people can become when it comes to something they are self conscious about (Crane). There is not much about the American Dream, and there is also not much figurative language (Crane). There is so supposed "hero", but if the man were to have one I'm sure it'd be a hero with a loaded rifle (Crane).

Works Cited

Crane, Stephen. "The Red Badge of Courage." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 493.

Sommers, Joseph Michael. "naturalism." In Maunder, Andrew. Facts On File Companion to the British Short Story. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= CBSS450&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 15, 2011).

Kate Chopin — The Awakening and "The Story of an Hour"

The purpose of Kate Chopin's writing in this novel was to inform women just like this all over the country that there is in fact more to being a wife and a mother. She wanted other women to believe that they could be free. Her purpose was to empower women to believe that they could do more than be a housewife like society has always told them. Kate Chopin almost began to start a revolution. Through this novel and others that surfaced around that time period, the motion for women's rights and feminism began to slowly rise up. Kate Chopin's works were very controversial at the time, and many of her works often went unpublished. No one wanted to looking at anything that radical (Chopin). After she passed, when women were fighting for their rights to vote, someone found all of Chopin's works and published them, helping the women's cause (Chopin).

This work fits with the time period of Realism. She appealed directly to the heart of a common housewife by portraying her character in this excerpt as just that- a common person. The character is simply a married woman who is sitting alone in her house crying to herself. It is not the cry of a woman who has just lost something dear to her heart or been given bad news, but it is simply the cry of a woman who feels as though there is something more to life that she has just not achieved yet (Chopin). This makes the character more relatable and normal, which is a large part of Realism. By discussing an important issue of the time period, Kate Chopin did a wonderful job of depicting Realism. Realism is all about what is real and what is happening at the time that it is written (Werlock). It is about appealing to the readers in order to hopefully spark a change. Also, Realism is about creating an everyday hero (Werlock). Where before the heroes had all been more optimistic, well educated white men, the hero has now become an average, ordinary, everyday woman (Chopin). This was an important step for women that Kate Chopin was leading.

These works were not Naturalistic because they were not a calculated study of women and their feelings, it was just about letting the emotions run freely (Chopin). These works did not have any Regionalistic characteristics because there was no reference to a specific important area (Chopin). These works show quite a lot about society at the time. They show that women of the time were often very unhappy with their lives, and they had no other choice but to accept their pessimistic lives (Chopin). When Chopin wrote these works, no one took her seriously, and that shows that the men either did not care what the women were thinking, or they did not think that Chopin was right (Chopin). There was nothing about religion, for a woman's feelings about her personal life do not necessarily always involve God (Chopin). There is nothing about government, because this problem did not stem from the government, it stemmed from the stereotypes of the time (Chopin). There was nothing about nature, but human nature played a large role in these works (Chopin). Chopin's works showed that human nature is to let one's feelings out, but women of the time could only do so in private (Chopin). They show that when one is in a tough position, they will continue to try and make everyone happy until they reach breaking point (Chopin). This shows the American Dream of women: freedom from a life of boredom and pain (Chopin). There is no figurative language, and there is nothing about a Hero (Chopin). Kate Chopin wrote radically for her time, but she was eventually recognized for her great talents. Many people look up to her, and she was an amazing and strong woman that deserves all of the credit that she receives.

Chopin, Kate. "The Awakening." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg. 491.

Werlock, Abby H. P. "realism." The Facts On File Companion to the American Short Story, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= Gamshrtsty0575&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 15, 2011).

Willa Cather – from O Pioneers! and "A Wagner MatinĂ©e"

Willa Cather grew up on a prairie, and that reflects on her writing (Cather). In the beginning of her career, she wrote many works that portrayed the prairies as horrible places to live (Cather). She hated her prairie life, and that hatred was reflected upon all of her literary works (Cather). Later in her life, she changed her point of view and started portraying life on the prairie as a good thing (Cather). She realized that although life on the prairie was difficult, it helped her to become a stronger woman (Cather). The prairie called to ambitious people; Those ambitious people had to be creative to survive (Cather).

In a way, this work was partially that of Realism because they referred to historical events and facts that impacted Cather's present day situation. The point of view was not a scientific one, which rules out Naturalism. This work also displays characteristics of Regionalism because the main focus of the piece of literature was about life on the prairie and the culture of the West (Cather). In the beginning of her work, Cather described all of the hard times on the prairie, and the tragedies that befell many of the pioneers that traveled west. Later in her work, Cather wrote about all the joyful moments on the prairie instead of the sad ones (Cather). She began to promote the prairie as a nice place to live, which reflects Regionalism (Cather). This portrayed society of the time because they still had mixed feelings about the prairies. People did not know what to think about the prairie, and sometimes that feeling of uneasiness can cause people to make quick judgements. These works did not mention religion or government, partially because when one lives on the prairie in isolation from the rest of society, one tends not to care. Both ofCather's works discuss nature and how the prairie is a bleak landscape that is one color: brown (Cather). Cather talks about how life on the prairie can be difficult due to droughts or excessive rain (Cather). Weather on the prairie was unpredictable. It was hard to predict whether or not the crops would do well due to this fact.
Human nature was not brought up often in these works, but it was implied that when one lives on the prairie, human nature becomes questionable (Cather). These works talk about the American Dream of expansionism and obtaining everything one could ever want (Cather). There were no figurative languages in the works because they were both very straightforward (Cather). There was also not a Hero in either of these works, for there was really not a position for a Hero (Cather). Willa Cather was an influential author who wrote about her life on the prairie, and many people are inspired by her works.

Cather, Willa. ""O Pioneers!"/ "A Wagner Matinée"" American Literature. Comp. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly A. Chin, and Jacqueline J. Royster. Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2009. 489+. Print.

Robert E. Lee – "Letter to his Family"

Robert E. Lee was of large importance to the Civil War. Even prior to the Civil War, he was an important person in the United States army. Lee was an intelligent man who came from a prestigious family. Lee was heartbroken (Lee). He did not want the United States to become a country where force was necessary to uphold laws (Lee). Originally, President Lincoln requested that Lee be the general for the Union troops, but when Lee's home state of Virginia seceded, he decided that he could not fight against his home state (Lee). Lee decided to join the Confederates because he could not stand the thought of fighting those from Virginia, where his family was located (Lee). Lee quickly moved to the top of the ranks, and he became general of the Confederate army (Lee). Lee was triumphant in many battles, but eventually his losses began to outweigh his victories during the Civil War and he was forced to surrender to the North (Lee). The letters that Lee wrote to his family before the war have been discovered, and in a letter to his son, he tells him of the heartbreak that he was experiencing over the current state of the country (Lee).
"Letter to his Family" is Realistic because it discusses Lee's feelings on the current state of the country (Lee). This piece of literature is not Naturalistic because it does not evaluate or study humans (Lee). It is not Regionalistic, even though it discusses different regions of the United States, because it is not trying to promote a certain place over others (Lee). This reflects society during that specific period because while many people may have thought a war was inevitable, those people still did not want one (Lee). Many people were upset about the ongoing tension between the North and the South, and the last thing many of them wanted was a war. This work does not make any references to religion. It also does not touch on the subject of government much either, unless one considers the tension between the Confederates and the Union a reference to government (Lee). One of the things that Lee does mention about the government though, is how it would dissolve into nothing if a war broke out between the North and the South (Lee). Nature was not brought up often either, and the only human nature was about a piece of literature that Lee had read because his son had sent it to him (Lee). The American Dream is not really in this work, but Lee's American Dream could have been that the Union would not break up, which did not end up happening (Lee). There was no figurative language in Lee's letter to his son, and there was also nothing about a Hero (Lee). "Letter to his Family" was mostly a work based on Lee's feelings about the subject of the Union. He hoped that there would be no war, for he feared that this would cause the country to fall into a savage state where force was needed to uphold laws. Lee wished for no war, but sadly his wish did not come true (Lee). He was a very honorable man that wanted the best for his country and the people in it, rather than wanting the best for himself or for personal gain (Lee). Lee was an incredible general and man, who did his best to preserve the country.

Lee, Robert E. "Letter to His Family." American Literature. Comp. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly A. Chin, and Jacqueline J. Royster. Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2009. 382-85. Print.

Sojourner Truth – "And Ain‘t I a Woman?"

Sojourner Truth is often viewed as just as good a speaker as Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, but what set her aside from the norm and made her seem more interesting was the fact the she was African American. As if it was not unusual enough that she was an African American speaker, she was also a woman. In the past during times of slavery, not many would listen to a black woman's case. Sojourner Truth fought very hard African American rights as well as rights for women. Sojourner Truth wanted to show the world that there was nothing different between the three- African Americans, women, and the average white man (Truth).

In her speech, she showed the world that many men were calling women delicate. She showed the world what men really thought of women- that they needed help getting into carriages and getting over mud puddles. Sojourner Truth was a woman, and no one had ever helped her with anything of that sort (Truth). She showed the world that as an African American slave, she had never gotten the benefits that the rest of women got (Truth). She showed the world that since she had to work as a slave, she had done hard work that many men in the North could not do because she was faced with no choice but to do it (Truth).

This work fits in the Realism period because it is in the moment and not about the past. It looks forward to the future and concentrates on what could happen (Truth). It is realistic, and she made realistic demands and proved her point based on facts of what happened in the past, which reflects Realism (Truth). It does not fit in the Naturalism period because the speech was given with feeling and it portrayed everyone's feelings (Truth). It was not scientific, nor did it subject humans to animalistic tests and observations, so Naturalism has been ruled out (Truth). It is also not in the Regionalism period because it is not based on a certain region of the United States that wants more attention (Truth). While this work does not really have anything to do with religion, it has a lot to do with government and different issues of the time period (Truth). This speech, while it does not outright attack the government, fights to go against what the government was trying to do (Truth). She wanted rights for African Americans and women alike, and to do that, she needed to go against the government. Sojourner Truth wanted to be able to do everything that men could because that is what she had been doing her entire life, and she felt that since she gad done a man's work and them some, she deserved it (Truth). This speech does not talk about nature, unless her working in the fields would count, and there is not much about human nature (Truth). One could say that her whole speech was really about human nature because she was trying to change ideas that had come to pass because of her human nature (Truth). This also talks about the American Dream because one of the most basic American Dreams is equal rights (Truth). She wanted to achieve equal rights not just for herself but for many other people as well. She was a minority, but she did not want to be treated as such (Truth). There was not any figurative language, and there is not much talk about the Hero, but the Hero would be the one to give them their rights (Truth). Sojourner Truth was an important orator who wanted equal rights for everyone.

Truth, Sojourner. Glencoe Literature. Comp. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly A. Chin, and Jacqueline J. Royster. Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2009. 368-70. Print.

Anonymous – "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot," "Go Down, Moses," "Keep Your Hand on the Plow"

One thing that nearly all African Americans had in common was their desire for freedom (Wilhelm). African Americans would often even make songs about one day being free, and many times they would meet at a secret location and sing these songs around a fire (Wilhelm). Not all of the songs were straight to the point about their want of freedom, but it is still fairly obvious from the lyrics what they truly want. Their songs belong in the Realism period. Their songs, while not necessarily realistic in all aspects, are Biblical and do tell stories of Biblical events that are real and true (Wilhelm). Their songs are in the moment, and do not often reflect back on the past (Wilhelm). A few songs tell of how they came over from Africa, but most of their songs talked about the slavery that they were in at that moment or the hope for a better future (Wilhelm).

Their songs do not belong in the Naturalism period because while they may involve descriptive words and nature, they do not talk about human beings as something to do tests on and study or about the decisions that humans make and why they do them. However, these songs could possibly fit into the Regionalism period because they may have talked about features that are unique to that area, but most African Americans did not want to dwell on where they were located, seeing as a majority of them were located on plantations. These works of Realist literature reflect activities and happenings from their time period. Their lyrics depict the pain and depression of slavery, and they show us how desperate the African Americans were to achieve their freedom (Wilhelm). The works show us that the African Americans never lost hope or gave up, even though they were forced into horrible situations where sometimes a beating or even death was inevitable (Wilhelm).

It reflects society in that time period because it shows that no one in the North completely knew what the slaves were going through. The South knew, but they did not care. Religion is definitely involved in these songs because many of them reflect upon events that happened in the Bible (Wilhelm). African American incorporated religion into their songs because they thought that they were like the Jews that had been trapped in slavery in Egypt for an extended period of time (Wilhelm). The African Americans thought God would save them like he did the Jews, and that is why they chose some of the stories that fit their same situation (Wilhelm). There is nothing about government in these songs, and there is also not much about the involvement of nature in African American life (Wilhelm). Human nature is partially displayed because the songs show how much the African Americans hoped for their freedom and how desperate they were to get it (Wilhelm). The American Dream for them was almost the same because they wanted to have freedom more than anything (Wilhelm). There was also a lot of figurative language. They called the South "Egypt", and the North was often either "heaven" or the "promised land" (Wilhelm). This was also about the stories of the Jews, because that was their situation as well (Wilhelm). The "Hero" would be whoever their savior was that could help them achieve freedom. The real "Hero", however, was scarcely mentioned in these songs. African Americans had a hard life as slaves, but they stayed close by writing and singing songs together that gave them hope for a brighter future.

Wilhelm, Jeffrey D., Douglas Fisher, Beverly Ann. Chin, and Jacqueline Jones. Royster. Glencoe Literature. New York, NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.

Abraham Lincoln – from "Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865" and "The Gettysburg Address"

Realism was a literary movement that began during the time of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln, one of the most prominent leaders during that time period, adopted some traits of Realism literature in his speech for his second inauguration. In his speech, Lincoln follows the style of Realism by conveying his message in a simple but strong way. He flat out just states the facts and makes a rational conclusion of what the county needs to do. Being a presidential inaugural speech, there is obviously content concerning society and the psychology of people, as it is targeted towards all of the people in the country. This is another characteristic that make this speech of President Lincoln an example of literature from the Realism movement.

In Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, he focuses on the wrongs that have been done to many members of the country through means of slavery (Lincoln). He states that God gives us the opportunity to make amends for the wounds that have been inflicted on the country, both domestically and among the likes of other nations of the world. Lincoln used Realism literature because social issues were quite often the main idea that Realism literature revolved around (Quinn).

Realism is also reflected in the writing style of Lincoln's speech. It was very simple and straight down to business, presenting facts in an almost excruciatingly simple way. However, one aspect of Realism is trying to present facts of actual events (Barney). This is exactly the way that Lincoln’s second inaugural address is written. Most all of his sentences are simple and deliver their own message or add to the main idea of the passage (Lincoln). Even though there is a lack of artistic style to this genre and this speech in particular, there is no lack whatsoever of emotion. The message that the author presents in this kind of work is enough to keep the audience interested in what is being said.

Of course, being the President during the Civil War lends to the fact that this is a work of Realism literature. The movement for Realism literature began primarily during the Civil War era (Quinn). President Lincoln’s second inaugural address was given in 1865, making it right in the beginning stages of Realism literature. Lincoln was one of the first writers and public speakers of this genre (Lincoln). Although this seems like a very simple and obvious reason for this work to be Realism, it has even more importance because it exposed many people of the nation to a newly established form of literature being used by persons in power that held an influence over those who were below him.

With the literary movement of Realism beginning during the time of the Civil War, it is no surprise that Abraham Lincoln used this style multiple times, such as in the “Second Inaugural Address.” The matters addressed by Lincoln and the way in which the speech was written, as well as the way it was presented are examples that make this a work of Realism. With the “Second Inaugural Speech” of President Lincoln, Realism was made known to America.


Works Cited

Barney, Brett, and Lisa Paddock, eds. "realism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: The Age of Romanticism and Realism, 1816–1895, vol. 2, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL0738&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Lincoln, Abraham. from "Second Inaugural Address." Glencoe American Literature. comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg 339.

Quinn, Edward. "realism and naturalism in American literature." A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Online. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= Gfflithem0707&SingleRecord=True. February 15, 2011.

Frederick Douglass – from The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro

The speech delivered by Frederick Douglass entitled "The Meaning of Fourth of July for the Negro" falls into the regular Realism genre. This speech was delivered to a white congregation, which was actually a reflection of Realism. There was an African American giving the speech, which was not considered normal in the past. In the past, narrators were typically white males. This somewhat strange flip is a reflection of Realism.

This speech was delivered in 1852, which made its contents appropriate for the time period (Douglass, 337). The speech was delivered during the time of the Civil War, which was when many literary genres were emerging. The speech talked about the injustice of Fourth of July celebration for the negroes. The speech itself is real, which makes it appear to be a piece of Realism literature. Realist writing often included historical facts, and the speech itself is one whole historical piece. Frederick Douglass used a combination of emotions and facts in order to get his point across, which is a fundamental concept of Realism. Realism uses scientific facts and historic references to make it seem believable, and Realism also factors in the use of emotions and relatable situations to seem even more realistic. In this way, Frederick Douglass played upon the emotions of the people by approaching them with solid facts about the injustice (Douglass, 337).

Frederick Douglass' point in "The Meaning of Fourth of July for the Negro" is that the celebration of the Fourth of July in America makes the country appear hypocritical (Douglass, 337). The whole point of the Fourth of July is to celebrate the freedom of the people of America- their freedom from the chains and rules that were forced upon them by Great Britain. The holiday was hypocritical in that whilst the white folk of America celebrated their freedom, blacks were not able to celebrate freedom, for many of them did not know it. In this way Douglass displays the idea of Realism by using the everyday African American person as the hero (Douglass, 337).

One important aspect of Realism is the "hero". The hero is typically an average person whom other people are able to easily relate with. He is typically is just a middle class citizen who just wants to try and make the best out of the situations that he is forced into. In Frederick Douglass' speech, although it was written by an African American man about the plights of African American people to a strictly white audience, he played upon the basic ideas of humanity and the rights that we all share (Douglass, 337). It is at this point in the speech that emotions begin to make an appearance. Sometimes guilt is the best way to make someone understand that what they have done was wrong. Frederick Douglass used this to his advantage by making the white men realize that they were being hypocritical by saying that they deserved their freedom from Great Britain, but the African Americans did not deserve freedom from their bondage as well (Douglass, 337).

Douglass, Frederick. from "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro." Glencoe American Literature.comp. Wilhelm, Jeffery. McGraw Hill. Columbus, OH. 2009. pg 337.

Regionalism - Definition

Regionalism is another literary genre that is often compared to Realism. Regionalism, as one would assume judging by its title, gets its classification from the setting of the story. The setting of the story, though, plays an important role in any story. For example, the setting greatly influences the voice of the main character, the events that happen during the story, and the cultures and society of the story.

Regionalism is a form of writing that centers around a particular area of the United States (Anderson, Baughman, Bruccoli, and Rollyson). Of course, different authors specialize in different areas of America. Each region of the country was represented somehow in this genre, such as the West, the South, New England, and areas where immigrants went to live once they had arrived in America. Each of these regions captured a whole different set of unique qualities and characters that made the stories fascinating (Anderson, Baughman, Bruccoli, and Rollyson).

Most authors who wrote using the Regionalism style centered around a particular city or county that was important to them in some way (Anderson, Baughman, Bruccoli, and Rollyson). For many it was where they grew up or spent most of their lives, or any other place that held sentimental value to them. In this way, they were very familiar with the way things worked in the particular region and were therefore able to make the characters come alive in a way that was very realistic and believable. The main idea of the entire genre was the more one knew his or her setting, the more believable the characters would become (Anderson, Baughman, Bruccoli, and Rollyson). It is safe to assume that the characters the authors wrote were once real people that the author knew, but that point comes with an argument. The people could also just be born from the author's mind as they wrote about their specific town or city.

Regionalism is both similar and different from Realism. Regionalism focuses on the landscape more, which is the opposite of Realism. Realism focuses on the characters rather than the setting (Campbell). However, Regionalism is akin to Realism in that both are made to appear very believable. Stories from both genres could be real.

Anderson, George P., Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds."regionalism." Encyclopedia of American Literature: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, vol. 3, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= EAmL1330&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 15, 2011).

Campbell, Donna M. "Realism in American Literature." Washington State University - Pullman, Washington. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.

Wednesday, February 9, 2011

Naturalism - Definition

Naturalism is a literary genre that is often compared to Realism. It came about sometime in the late nineteenth century, while Realism was developed in the early nineteenth century. Naturalism works are often reported to have been started by a French woman, but many other writers are skeptical about that theory (Sommers). There were many other American authors who adapted the Naturalism writing style.

Naturalism is a genre based mainly upon the ideas of Charles Darwin (Sommers). Darwin was a scientist who believed that humans were simply highly developed animals with no sense of free will at all. He believed that everything that made up their character had to do with their genetics and the environment that they were raised in. In this way, naturalist writing became almost like a study or a science experiment on what we think of as common animals (Sommers). This can also be compared to Realism, which viewed humans from a scientific and neutral standpoint (Campbell).

Because of Darwin's theories, the stories in the Naturalism genre could generally be supposed to follow along the same basic story line. This story line was about a person whose actions are driven by his own compulsions and desires, yet he cannot decide how his destiny will pan out in the end (Sommers).

Naturalism works were also written with mainly the same techniques (Sommers). Most of the stories were presented as sort of factual, scientific journal entries about how the main character reacts to events in his or her life, almost like Realism. In this way, the style also resembles almost a case study about a particular animal that we would find today. In these stories the subject, who could also play as the "hero", is placed in an unfamiliar place. The character is then studied, and their reactions to the location are recorded. This is almost reminiscent of an experiment in that tests are done to see how the subject will react to change. As previously mentioned, the character acts upon his or her own instincts but is still forced to accept whatever ill end they may meet (Sommers).

Sommers, Joseph Michael. "naturalism." In Maunder, Andrew. Facts On File Companion to the British Short Story. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= CBSS450&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 15, 2011).

Campbell, Donna M. "Realism in American Literature." Washington State University - Pullman, Washington. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.